Phosphates salt
ron(III) chloride is the inorganic compound with the formula (FeCl
3). Also called ferric chloride, it is a common compound of iron in the +3 oxidation state. The anhydrous compound is a crystalline solid with a melting point of 307.6 °C. The color depends on the viewing angle: by reflected light the crystals appear dark green, but by transmitted light they appear purple-red.
Uses
Industrial
Iron(III) chloride is used in sewage treatment and drinking water production as a coagulant and flocculant. In this application, FeCl
3 in slightly basic water reacts with the hydroxide ion to form a floc of iron(III) hydroxide, or more precisely formulated as FeO(OH)−
, that can remove suspended materials.
{\displaystyle {\ce {{[Fe(H2O)6]^{3+}}+4HO^{-}->{[Fe(H2O)2(HO)4]^{-}}+4H2O->{[Fe(H2O)O(HO)2]^{-}}+6H2O}}}
![{\displaystyle {\ce {{[Fe(H2O)6]^{3+}}+4HO^{-}->{[Fe(H2O)2(HO)4]^{-}}+4H2O->{[Fe(H2O)O(HO)2]^{-}}+6H2O}}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/99ae6eaddcd1e52696d8e29bb25401a3e7112601)
It is also used as a leaching agent in chloride hydrometallurgy,for example in the production of Si from FeSi (Silgrain process).
Another important application of iron(III) chloride is etching copper in two-step redox reaction to copper(I) chloride and then to copper(II) chloride in the production of printed circuit boards.
{\displaystyle {\ce {FeCl3 + Cu -> FeCl2 + CuCl}}}
{\displaystyle {\ce {FeCl3 + CuCl -> FeCl2 + CuCl2}}}
Iron(III) chloride is used as catalyst for the reaction of ethylene with chlorine, forming ethylene dichloride (1,2-dichloroethane), an important commodity chemical, which is mainly used for the industrial production of vinyl chloride, the monomer for making PVC.
{\displaystyle {\ce {H2C=CH2 + Cl2 -> ClCH2CH2Cl}}}
Laboratory use
In the laboratory iron(III) chloride is commonly employed as a Lewis acid for catalysing reactions such as chlorination of aromatic compounds and Friedel–Crafts reaction of aromatics.
The ferric chloride test is a traditional colorimetric test for phenols, which uses a 1% iron(III) chloride solution that has been neutralised with sodium hydroxide until a slight precipitate of FeO(OH) is formed. The mixture is filtered before use. The organic substance is dissolved in water, methanol or ethanol, then the neutralised iron(III) chloride solution is added—a transient or permanent coloration (usually purple, green or blue) indicates the presence of a phenol or enol.
This reaction is exploited in the Trinder spot test, which is used to indicate the presence of salicylates, particularly salicylic acid, which contains a phenolic OH group.
This test can be used to detect the presence of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid and gamma-butyrolactone, which cause it to turn red-brown.
Other uses
- Used in anhydrous form as a drying reagent in certain reactions.
- Used to detect the presence of phenol compounds in organic synthesis; e.g., examining purity of synthesised Aspirin.
- Used in water and wastewater treatment to precipitate phosphate as iron(III) phosphate.
- Used in wastewater treatment for odor control.
- Used by American coin collectors to identify the dates of Buffalo nickels that are so badly worn that the date is no longer visible.
- Used by bladesmiths and artisans in pattern welding to etch the metal, giving it a contrasting effect, to view metal layering or imperfections.
- Used to etch the widmanstatten pattern in iron meteorites.
- Necessary for the etching of photogravure plates for printing photographic and fine art images in intaglio and for etching rotogravure cylinders used in the printing industry.
- Used to make printed circuit boards (PCBs) by etching copper.
- Used to strip aluminium coating from mirrors.
- Used to etch intricate medical devices.
- Used in veterinary practice to treat overcropping of an animal's claws, particularly when the overcropping results in bleeding.
- Reacts with cyclopentadienylmagnesium bromide in one preparation of ferrocene, a metal-sandwich complex.
- Sometimes used in a technique of Raku ware firing, the iron coloring a pottery piece shades of pink, brown, and orange.
- Used to test the pitting and crevice corrosion resistance of stainless steels and other alloys.
- Used in conjunction with NaI in acetonitrile to mildly reduce organic azides to primary amines.
- Used in an animal thrombosis model.
- Used in energy storage systems.
- Historically it was used to make direct positive blueprints.
- A component of modified Carnoy's solution used for surgical treatment of keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KOT).
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